Assignment paper 202

 Name : Latta J. Baraiya 

Roll no : 11

Paper : Indian English Literature post-independence

Semester : M.A sem 3

Topic : Comparison of Final Solution and Gora

Submitted to : Department of English Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University. 

Introduction

In the 21st century we become more liberal in the comparison of early time. We are thinking more critically now. Our view of looking at others is changing. But because of some people the relation between Hindu and Muslim become controversial. People are provoked by political persons and group leaders. They take help from religion for their so-called vote. And people also derived in that direction also. So that religious matters are very important to study as a student of literature. 

Here I'm going to compare the two works. One is play "Final Solution" by Mahesh Dattani and the second is novel "Gora" by Rabindranath Tagore. Final Solution we have studied and when I read the summary of Gora, I feel like, there is some similarities between these two works. So let's see what the similarities are between them. 

Final solution

This is the play written by Mahesh Dattani. In the realism of Indian English drama, the theme of communal violence has successfully been presented by two eminent dramatists – Asif Currimbhoy in Refugee (1971) and Mahesh Dattani in Final Solutions (2005). In Final Solutions, Dattani uses his pen to present the insecurity and mental crisis of the victims of partition. In this play, his intention is not to construct the dark pages of Indian history like that of Karnad’s Tuglaq but to deconstruct the lingering effect of the communal prejudices on the survivors of both the communities, Hindus and Muslims. He explores the psyche of discontent, exile, contempt, homelessness and alienation often affecting the sensibility of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. The communal animosity between the Hindus and Muslims have turned into the fatal disease affecting the peaceful existence of individuals in the Indian subcontinent.  

In her analysis of the play, Deepali Agarwal observes:

"Mahesh Dattani puts the eternal question with his play Final Solutions that every now and then rankles our consciousness – are the human beings real humane. It propels us to perennial problems as to what’s that we should have priorities – our religion, our perennial ideals or our compassion for other human beings". 

• (Agarwal, Deepali : 81) 

In the play Final Solutions, Dattani represents the three female characters – Hardika, Smita and Aruna. 

Gora

Now let's see a brief introduction of "Gora". This novel is written by Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore’s creativity makes one think of the Himalayan range stretching its immense bulk wall above the snow-line and, from that elevation, thrusting peak after peak. As in poetry, so in fiction also Tagore’s creativity reached great tall peaks. Gora is a novel of ideas. A good pool of it is filled with Polemics. The polemics in GORA seems inevitable in view of the time of its composition. 

Dr.Isola Rajagopalan observes, as a creative writing Gora has secured and assured an indelible place in literature. Its real purpose lies not in the pages of brilliant dialectic, but in the penetrating projection of ideas in the form of living images. Gora is contemporary and yet timeless; it is set in a certain social class, a picturesque rendering of their life and mind, and yet it reaches out towards the Universal. Two prominent questions occupied the thoughts of the intellectual and enlightened citizens of Bengal in those days – the Hindu – Brahmo controversy and the need for political freedom. In his presentation and portrayal of the characters Tagore exposes whatever was ridiculous or false not only in the old religious system but also in the orthodoxy of the new and the enlightened. Let's jump on the character of  

Comparison 

If we compare both the works we find many similarities between them. So let's compare and contrast these two works. We see the two women characters are similar.  

Religious Conflict

If we look at the religious conflict in both the works we find that in "Final Solution" and "Gora" the conflict between two communities. These two community people have their own biases and arguments also for their religion. As we seen Final Solution is play about conflict between

Hindu - Muslim

And this "Gora" have religious conflict between two religion

Hindu - Brahmo community

In the "Final Solution" Ramanik Gandhi, his wife Aruna, mother Hardika and daughter Smita belong to Hindu religion. And Javed, Bobby, Tasnim and Zarin and her family members are Muslim. So in the play we see Ramanik Gandhi have liberal thoughts, his daughter also thinks in that way. They respect other religion. At that time Hindu Muslim Riots were going on. They both are ready to kill eachother ! But the main point is the communal devine and communal riots.

The same way we can see that in the "Gora" Hindu community and Brahmo community have conflict with eachother. Characters like Krishan Dayal, his wife Anandamoyi and their childrens are Hindu and Paresh Babu, his wife Baroda Sundari and their childrens are follwer of Brahmo community. Both community have conflict with eachother. Family leaders restricted to talk with eachother also. So here also we see religious conflicts. 

Characters

Aruna and Anandamayi

Aruna :- 

Aruna is wife of Ramanik Gandhi and mother of Smita Gandhi. As Suman Sigroha said, Aruna makes a Hindu counterpart to Javed. Like him she has confidence in her faith. She is a strong believer, takes pride in her religion and inheritance and finds protection therein. She is neither confused nor wavers till her daughter Smita attacks her faith. Daksha/ Hardika had once questioned the blind faith held by her mother in an idol God because that God had failed to protect her father. Smita and Aruna reflect Daksha/Hardika’s own situation, though in two separate characters. The former resents the blind idol worship being practiced by the latter, and shatters her own perfect world when she gets the opportunity to vocalize what she has always wanted to in front of her mother Aruna. At Smita’s telling her the falsity and hollowness of her faith, Aruna does take a stand before crumbling in the face of opposition,

And I will not have it all perish to 

accommodate someone else’s faith. I have enough faith and pride to see that it doesn’t happen. I shall uphold what I believe is the truth...because I will not accept that from someone who is not proud of her inheritance. You cannot criticize what you are running away from. You will be prejudiced...I have always taken pride in my religion. I was so happy knowing that I was protected. 

• (Dattani 2000: 210, 211)

Despite this Aruna still has a conception of identity and holds on to it though a little tenuously. Javed acknowledges the similarities between himself and her when he says,

What I told Babban, you told her...you wouldn’t listen to her criticism because she was not proud of her–what did you call it?– inheritance. I said religion. Same thing I suppose. We are not very different. You and me. We both feel pride. 

• (Dattani 2000: 214)

It means Javed and Aruna are somehow similar. Both think that they are right, but they were very much religious or we can say blind followers of religion. But at the end she accepts boby and Javed. She thinks that humanity is the thing that we have to keep in mind. 

Anandamayi :- 

She is mother of Gora and wife of Krishan Dayal. In the beginning she was a very religious person. Gora is her adopted child. Her family gave refuge to one Irish woman, the real mother of Gora. Anandamayi and her husband are strictly followers of hindu religion. They do not even believe in the Brahmo community. They had fought several times with them. Anandamayi is portrayed as a mother India in the novel. She is women 

"When she travels she keeps fast, not to eat anything from anyone"

But in the end she changed. As she accepts Gora as her son. She also respects the other community people. 

So we see that both women characters are very strict towards their religion, but at the end they understand that we have to be liberal. We have to respect other religions also. And we have to respect their choice also. 

Ramanik and Paresh Babu

If we look at the character of Ramanik Gandhi in "Final Solution" we find he is more liberal than other characters. He respect all religions and he has helping nature also. So we can say that he is very kind person in the novel. 

If we talk about Paresh Babu in the novel, we find he is also liberal man in compare to others in the novel. He also respect other community and their peoples. 

So here we see these two characters also have similarities in the context of liberality. Ramanik Gandhi helps to muslim boys and gave them refuge. So we find this similarity in both works. 

Ending

Both the works ended with some kind of acceptance. We see that, in "Final Solution" at the end Aruna accept Javed and Bobby. She understands the similarities between her and Javed. How they blindly follow their religion and also force others to follow them. But at least she behaves nicely with Javed and Bobby. 

In "Gora", in the beginning Anandamayi was very strict towards her religion but at the end she also respect the Brahmo community. She behaves nicely with them. She became liberal at the end. 

Conclusion

So at the end we can say that there are similarities between these two works. We also see that the theme of cast, community and race were portrayed very well in both works. If we look around, there is no place who haven't any conflict with other religion. Because, people now days provoked easily by group leaders and politicians.  It becomes hard to think critically by our own. So if someone is telling us to join any religious activity we supposed to think critically about it. Then and then to join them. 

References

Agarwal, Deepali. “Fair, Faith for a Final Solution”. The Dramatic World of Mahesh Dattani: A Critical Exploration. New Delhi: Sarup Books Publishers, New Delhi, 2009. 

Dattani, Mahesh. Collected Plays. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. 

Kumari, Dr. Pankaj. “Final Solutions by Mahesh Dattani, a Post-Feminist Analysis: Ashvamegh.” Ashvamegh Indian Journal of English Literature, Ashvamegh.net, 15 Aug. 2016, https://ashvamegh.net/post-feminist-analysis-final-solutions-mahesh-dattani/. 

Rajagopalan, Dr.Isola. “A Study of 'GORA' .” A Study of 'GORA'  , vol. 1, Apr. 2013, http://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/ENG/V1N2/ENG_V1_N2_003.pdf. 

Sigroha, Suman. ROLE OF MEMORY IN SHAPING  CHARACTERS’ IDENTITY IN MAHESH  DATTANI’S FINAL SOLUTIONS, vol. 13, Dec. 2013, pp. 227–238.,  http://journal.unika.ac.id/index.php/celt/article/download/26/pdf 

Assignment paper 201

Name : Latta J. Baraiya 

Roll no : 11

Paper : Indian English Literature Pre-independence

Semester : M.A sem 3

Topic : There is No God in The Temple

Submitted to : Department of English Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University. 

Introduction

If we talk about literature the main work of literature is to portray reality and truth. When we study any literary text, we get something that is connected with our today. That connection taught us lots of things. And that is why if we want to study society, we have to study the literature of the society first. Poets, writers, authors, and novelists also express their views on the matter that can not be spoken openly, because other people can't accept it. Some points are not much talked about, because some people have binaries when their sentiments are hurting them. 

When critics make arguments on the matter of religion, people bully them, Harass them and also punish them. This poem also speaks the truth about religion and God. There is also conflict going on between Hindus and Muslims. Hindus and other religion's methods of worshipping are different. Hindus believe in idol worship, Muslims are not believers in idol worshipping. But they both have blind faith in God. So let's discuss it in detail. First I would like to give a brief introduction of Rabindranath Tagore.

Rabindranath Tagore :-

Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7 May 1861. At some time towards the end of the seventeenth century, his forefathers had migrated from their native lands to Govindpur, one of the three villages which later came to constitute Calcutta. In the course of time, the family came to acquire property and considerable business interests through the pursuit of commercial and banking activities. They had particularly benefited from the growing power of the British East India Company. Rabindranath’s grandfather, Dwarkanath Tagore, lived lavishly and broke the Hindu religious ban of those times by travelling to Europe, just like his contemporary, Rammohan Roy, the nineteenth century social and religious reformer. 

Rabindranath Tagore's contributions to Bengali literature and the Indian modern art movement, as well as his philosophies and accomplishments as an artist, educator, and activist are widely known throughout India today. During the first half of the twentieth century, Tagore bridged the intellectual divide between East and West at a time when the Indian nation was 

struggling to break free from the oppressive rule of the British Empire. Tagore is a globally recognized poet and philosopher and his ideas about cross-cultural communication are relevant even today. He wrote prophetically about the dangers of globalization, commenting that ''the modem age has brought the geography of the earth near to us, but made it difficult for us to come into touch with man." Tagore presented his solutions to this modern globalization by encouraging "generous and creative" communication between nations. In this way he hoped that the global community could "come into touch with man" through mutual understanding and respect. 

Deeno Daan poem :- 

“There is no god in that temple”, said the Saint.

The King was enraged;

“No God? Oh Saint, aren’t you speaking like an atheist?

On the throne studded with priceless gems, beams the golden idol,

And yet, you proclaim that’s empty?”

“It’s not empty; It’s rather full of the Royal pride.

You have bestowed yourself, oh King, not the God of this world”,

Remarked the saint.

The King frowned, “2 million golden coins

Were showered on that grand structure that kisses the sky,

I offered it to the Gods after performing all the necessary rituals,

And you dare claim that in such a grand temple,

There is no presence of God”?

The Saint calmly replied, “in the very year in which, twenty million of your subjects were struck by a terrible drought;

The pauperized masses without any food or shelter,

came begging at your door crying for help, only to be turned away,

they were forced to take refuge in forests, caves, camping under roadside foliages, derelict old temples;

and in that very year

when you spent 2 million gold to build that grand temple of your’s,

that was the day when God pronounced:

“My eternal home is lit by everlasting lamps,

In the midst of an azure sky,

In my home the foundations are built with the values:

Of Truth, Peace, Compassion and Love.

The poverty stricken puny miser,

Who could not provide shelter to his own homeless subjects,

Does he really fancy of giving me a home?”

That is the day God left that Temple of yours.

And joined the poor beside the roads, under the trees.

Like emptiness of the froth in the vast seas,

Your mundane temple is as hollow.

It’s just a bubble of wealth and pride.’

The enraged King howled,

“oh you sham cretin of a person,

Leave my kingdom this instant’.

The Saint replied calmly,

“The very place where you have exiled the Divine,

Kindly banish the devout too”.

— Rabindranath Tagore, 

Why has this poem become so popular ? 

Originally written in Bengali, 'Deeno Daan' is a part of Tagore's poetry collection 'Kahini'. It was signed by the Nobel laureate some 120 years ago (Bengali calendar 1307). In 'Deeno Daan', Tagore writes about a sage who criticizes a king for getting a temple built in the name of God using “two million gold coins” while turning away the poor during a drought. And so, the sage goes on to say that the temple has no God but only “royal pridel”. 

The poem is about a sage who tells a king that the temple which has been built with "two million gold coins" does not have a God inside. Upon hearing this, the king gets angry, calls him an atheist, and asks if such a grand temple could be empty. The sage replies that it isn't empty but in fact filled with the king's pride. The sage then reminds the king that it was wrong on his part to spend the riches in building a temple in the same year when the people of his kingdom were struck by a calamity and had nothing for themselves. 

With remarkable prescience that prophesied this year’s plight of the migrants and others in the aftermath of the lockdown, Tagore had written: “In the very year in which twenty million of your subjects were struck by a terrible drought… pauperised masses without any food or shelter, came begging at your door crying for help, only to be turned away…. in that very year when you spent 2 million gold to build that grand temple….”

The poem crossed the language barrier, too, thanks to a Calcuttan who now lives in Delhi. The Facebook user translated “some excerpts” of the poem in English. 

This poem and its English translation was shared on social media by Banojyotsna Lahiri, an alumnus of Presidency College and JNU, on August 5 and since then the poem has gone viral on the internet. It is widely shared by Tagore's readers on social media and personal messengers.  Talking about the coincidence of the poem and the current situation of the Coronavirus pandemic and migrant issues in India, Lahiri said to The Telegraph, 

“I found it extremely meaningful and topical. I saw the poem being shared by more and more people on social media. There are many non-Bengalis on my friend list. I thought they should also know the essence of the poem. I translated it in English and shared a second post in the afternoon." 

• Banojyotsna Lahiri

Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone in Ayodhya for the Ram temple on August 5 which received mixed reactions from Indians. A day after the public ceremony, a 120-years old poem written by Tagore has gone viral. The reason: Tagore's poem 'Deeno Daan' has an uncanny resemblance to the present times we live in. The temple construction is expected to cost around Rs 300 crore. Now what is the use of that temple ? 

“The Covid-19 pandemic and the lockdown has had a similarly devastating effect with millions robbed of livelihood and crying for help. And here we have hundreds of crores being spent on a temple” 

• Lahiri

The Ram Mandir celebrations were on at a time when the Covid-19 pandemic situation in India has reached its worst phase, with over 50,000 cases being reported on a daily basis. The deaths from Covid-19 on the same day crossed the 40,000 mark; this is the fifth-highest in the world. 

What is the massage of Tagore through the poem :- 

If we look at the message that Tagore wants to give us, there are some blind people, like the king, who are wasting money and time to build temples, statues and buildings by using poor people's money. Only because they are in power. The true responsibility of the king (government) is to help poor and needy people, not to waste the money on that kind of stuff, which is totally useless. 

Yes, there is not only the government responsible for this, people are also responsible for this. I want to explain with an example that some organizations and groups of villages asking money for school building, and for school repairing people hesitate a lot to donate, but if people ask money for temples and religious matters people donate money like anything ! And said that

ધરમ ના કામમા ઢીલ ના હોય ! 

And yes the main point is that what is the true need of the generation ? Education or religion ??? 

The other thing is that the government has money for statues, buildings and temples but they haven't money for poor people who are needy people. We have to note here that,

“Tagore was against institutionalised religion. He was not an atheist but he denounced institutionalised religion because it spoke of power and reeked of arrogance and monetary wealth.” 

Based on 2019's PPPs International Comparison Program, According to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) programme, 80 million people out of 1.2 billion Indians, roughly equal to 6.7% of India's population, lived below the poverty line of $1.25 in 2018–19. 

Why is the government not working for those people ? There are people who don't even have food for themselves. Government should bring them above the poverty line. 

Conclusion 

To wind up we can say that, from the time of Tagore to now the situation hasn't changed !! We are still that much blind !  I don't know whether we are not aware about it or we are pretending like we are not aware about it. But I want to say that, if we will not ask the question, who will ? Yes we may face the situation like Harmit has faced ! And that is happening also. Whoever is speaking against the government, they are thrown away. They are bullied, harassed and lynched ! So the solution to this problem is, we have to educate people more and more. Education is able to remove that blindness of religion, that veil of religion can remove through education. 

References

Desk, Sentinel Digital. “Deeno Daan: Find out Why This Rabindranath Tagore Poem Is Going Viral on Social Media - Sentinelassam.” The Sentinel Assam, The Sentinel Assam, 8 Aug. 2020, https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/deeno-daan-find-out-why-this-rabindranath-tagores-poem-is-going-viral-on-social-media-493855. 

Mukherjee, Raka. “'There Is No God in the Temple': Rabindranath Tagore's Poem 'Deeno Daan' Goes Viral a Century Later.” News18, 6 Aug. 2020, https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/there-is-no-god-in-the-temple-rabindranath-tagores-poem-deeno-daan-goes-viral-a-century-later-2762815.html. Accessed 21 Oct. 2021. 

“Poem Penned by Rabindranath Tagore 120 Years Ago Goes Viral, Here's Why - Times of India.” The Times of India, The Times of India, 8 Aug. 2020, https://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/books/features/poem-penned-by-rabindranath-tagore-120-years-ago-goes-viral-heres-why/amp_articleshow/77419051.cms. 

Yadav, Ritu. “A Study of Literatures and Ideas of Rabindranath Tagore: A Great Indian Writer.” A Study of Literatures and Ideas of Rabindranath Tagore: A Great Indian Writer - Ignited Minds Journals, http://ignited.in/I/a/120233. 

Comparison of Foe and Robinson Crusoe

If we want to compare any literary text, we must know the connection between the two literary works. And to know that connection we have to know about literary texts. So let's see the brief introduction about "Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe first. Then we will see the brief introduction about "Foe novel" by J. M. Coetzee. 

Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents. Robinson Crusoe, in full the life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner. Who Lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an Uninhabited Island on the Coast of America. It was near the mouth of the great river of Oroonoko. 

Now have a look at "Foe" by J. M. Coetzee. 

Foe novel is a 1986 novel by South African-born Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee. Woven around the existing plot of Robinson Crusoe, Foe is written from the perspective of Susan Barton, a castaway who landed on the same island inhabited by "Cruso" and Friday as their adventures were already underway. Like Robinson Crusoe, it is a frame story, unfolded as Barton's narrative while in England attempting to convince the writer Daniel Foe to help transform her tale into popular fiction. Focused primarily on themes of language and power, the novel was the subject of criticism in South Africa, where it was regarded as politically irrelevant on its release. Coetzee revisited the composition of Robinson Crusoe in 2003 in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech. 

Q. 1 How would you differentiate the character of Cruso and Crusoe?

If we look at the character of Cruso, it is a satirical reinvention of Deniel Defo's Crusoe. In "Robinson Crusoe" the character of Cruso is described as an ideal person. He is very much active in his everyday life. First we see he wins the island. He saved Friday also. Then he teaches Friday how to do work, how to behave, how to express everything. He planted plants on that island. He does hard work for that. So Crusoe in Robinson Crusoe is HERO. 

But the character of Cruso in "Foe" is opposite from the character of Crusoe of "Robinson Crusoe". Cruso becomes ZERO here in this novel by Coetzee. He was described as a very lazy man after Friday came. Friday manages all the things so he sits down at one place and mostly stays at that place. He is not doing any adventures, fighting, planting or teaching, so here the center was changed in this novel. Only because of his laziness. Even he was not attracted towards Susan's beauty. So this are the differences between character Crusoe and Cruso. 

Q.5 Which novel is convincing and has poetic justice? (or is there poetic justice? – Has the writer achieved what it wished for? – Has Friday got the justice? )

If we think through the character of Friday in both novels we can say that the novel "Foe" has a poetic justice rather than "Robinson Crusoe". In the whole novel Susan wanted to make Friday free and to teach him with his permission. She wants Friday to learn everything and then he can live his life with his rules. Whole novel focuses on the character of Friday. So when we look at the poetic justice this novel "Foe" has that justice. Even he didn't Speak in the novel. But the overall story of the novel is Friday. 

Q. 6 Who is the Protagonist? (Foe – Susan – Friday – Unnamed narrator)

 

As we see in the novel, we have different protagonists throughout the novel. First we see Denial Defoe is the first narrator. Because it's a prequel to that novel. So it is very important to study them first. 

Second narrator is Susan Barton. She tells us the story through the use of letters. 

Third narrator is Mr Foe, because he tells the story. Also he wrote a story on the voyages of Susan, Cruso and Friday. So he is the third narrator of the novel

 

Fourth narrator is an unnamed person. Who observes everything and tells us what is happening. So the name is not given here of that narrator. 

The final and fifth narrator of the novel is J. M. Coetzee. Because he wrote everything. He described all the situations.

So these are several points that we can see in both novels. And we can also see the similarities and differences in them. 

Cultural Studies : Power and Media

The power is very pivotal to study in cultural studies. So in this blog I will discuss the power and the media; the controller of information. The study of Cultural Studies in incomplete without the study of 'Power'. Today we see 'Media' is the tool to control the perceptions and the subject, the Power makes extensive use of Media. In all forms of media like, radio, TV, electronic, social media etc. So let's see the power and media.

First I would like to present six sources of power. 

1. Physical Force :- It means you can control anyone by beating. Like using police force you can control the situation. For example to control Kisan Andolan government using police force to control them. 

2. Wealth :- By using money you can control anybody. If we look at the current time, the countries are are under control of businesses who are very rich. And the government also have good relation with them. For example in our India Mukesh Ambani cheated other telecome company in the name of digital India with the help of power, broken all rules and regulation of TRAI and made his Jio company. 

3. State Action :- It means state government  decide what to do and what not. Once government made rules nobody can denied them. For example during first wave of Corona, government declared lockdown. So all had supposed to follow that rule.

4. Social Norms :- Social norms we aware of. That govern people who are living in society. Society make some rules that all have to follow. There are lots of rules made by society like, how to behave, how to live life, who can do what work etc.

5. Ideas :- It means power generate idea and and suggest to people to do as power like. For example, If one Idea came into my mind, I suggest it to others any they will follow me, so they are in under control. 

 

6. Numbers :- That means majority of thinkers  express their collective interest and creat power. 

So this are the sources of power. With the use if that we can control anybody. It seems like we can control anybody by સામ, દામ, દંડ, ભેદ. This are the techniques of control. 

Now I want to talk about three laws of power.  

1. Power is never static

2. Power is like water

3. Power compound

After understanding of power and it's source and rules we have to concern about our duty. What we can do ? 

So the first thing is to Read Power. When anything is happen, we have to analyse it and we have to recognise the power in them. Because if you don't know where is the origin of problem you can't give solution of that problem. So the first thing we have to keep in mind that whenever people control us, we should understand which kind of power they are using. The second thing is to Write Power. So whenever you feel like ther is the use of power control you can write that experience and share with others. So the truth can be come out to the people. But for that we have to learn to read power. 

If we can read power then and then we may write power.

So the necessary thing is we have to start reading and critiquiimportant to study these things inng anid asking against the power. So it becomes  cultural studies. 

Media

Media is very powerful weapon nowadays. Study of media become very pivotal part in cultural studies. It controls the information. We can connect it with Post_Truth also. Here is my blog on Post Truth, to read click here. Media is the key that we can see all the things happening around us. But media became now more praising media, rather than opposed media. We find media is not showing the truth. They hide the true information to the people. But the thing is that, media have power to make things popular and unpopular also. In this society big corporate controls the few people and that few people control may ordinary peoples. And that chain become more powerful. That is what happening today. Media controller are not common people, but rich people. 

All are controlled by media in one or another way. We are seeing everything that they wanted to show us. 

About media Malcolm said,

So, we can say that media should be free from all this biases. They should show us truth, rather than praising government and wrong things. And we also have to be aware what is right and what is going wrong with the things.