Assignment Paper 209

 

Difference Between Academic Writing and Non - Academic Writing 

Name : Latta Baraiya

Paper : Research Methodology 

Roll no : 11

Enrollment no : 3069206420200003 

Email id : lattabaraiya1204@gmail.com

Batch : 2020-22

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU

Introduction 

Writing skills are an important part of communication. Your thoughts are reflected in your writing. But we never thought that writing has different parts also, like academic writing and non academic writing. There are differences between academic writing and non academic writing. Both have different style, language, context, format, tone, grammar, vocabulary etc. Their purposes are also different. Writing is  Process. It is not easy to write. According to Columas people have been writing for thousands of years, writing has become more important in recent years, and despite the fact that millions of people are unable to write and read, the majority of communication takes place through writing rather than speaking .(Coulmas) If we look at other observations, we find Yunus and Haris said that writing is a necessary device in learning that it can help learners better in different ways such as comprehending the opinions and concepts.(Yunus and Haris) 

But here one can ask that, what is this academic writing and non academic writing ?  How does academic writing differ from other writing? Writing is a set of processes. So let's see it in detail. 

What is Academic Writing and What is Non Academic Writing ? 

It is very important to know what academic writing is and to write in that form. So let's see what is academic writing and what is non academic writing. It refers to a particular style to express anything that we are going to write. "It is consequently unsurprising that writing is given higher prominence in academic contexts, owing to its immediate practical application in a wide range of academic assignments such as examination questions, essays, research reports, dissertation thesis, and so on" (Sağlamel and Kayaoğlu). Hhh talks about three characteristics of academic writing :

• Clear evidence in writing that the writer(s) have been persistent, open-minded, and disciplined in study. 

• The dominance of reason over emotions or sensual perception. 

• An imagined reader who is coolly rational, reading for information, and intending to formulate a reasoned response. (Hill, Josh, et al)

Academic writing is just like written form of communication which demands reading and serious thinking. It refers to a style of expression that researchers use to define the intellectual boundaries of their disciplines and specific areas of expertise.  

"Academic writing include a formal tone, use of the third-person rather than first-person perspective (usually), a clear focus on the research problem under investigation, and precise word choice. Like specialist languages adopted in other professions, such as, law or medicine, academic writing is designed to convey agreed meaning about complex ideas or concepts for a group of scholarly experts".(Hartley) 

Now let us look at non academic writing. Non academic writing, it is writing that is not intended for an academic audience. They are written for a lay audience or the mass public. This type of writing may be personal, impressionistic, emotional, or subjective in nature. Examples : Personal blog writing, Facebook post, Personal journal writing, Writing for newspapers etc. 

Non academic writing is writing that is not intended for an academic audience.  They are written for a lay audience or the mass public. This type of writing may be personal, impressionistic, emotional, or subjective in nature. (Hasa)

Most of non academic writings do not include references, citations or a list of sources. Nor are they extensively well-researched as academic writing. Moreover, non academic writing often does not have a rigid structure as academic writing. It is often free-flowing and reflects the style and personality of the writer. 

Difference Between Academic Writing and Non Academic Writing 

Now we have idea that what is academic writing and what is non academic writing. If we compare both writing, we can get many points that are different from each other. So let's see what are the differences,

Academic writing is a formal and impersonal style of writing that is intended for a scholarly or academic audience while non academic writing is an informal and often subjective style of writing that aims the mass public. (Hasa)

Academic writing and non academic writing are differ from various sectors such as audience, style, purposes, language, vocabulary etc. Let's overview all the points,

Audience :-  The readers of academic writing are academics or scholars and the readers of non academic writing are mostly family and friends. 

Purpose :- Academic writing give information with evidence, whereas non academic writing so give information. But it is gave in sense of entertainment. 

Style :- The style of academic writing is more formal and impersonal, but in non academic writing it is personal and more subjective and emotional. 

Organization :- When we write research it needs a well organised. It is more clear and well planned. In non academic writing the organisation is less likely to be as clear and as organised. 

Grammar :- When you write academic writing you are supposed to follow all the rules of grammar. Because your academic writing is authentic source of information. Many people take your research as their supporting argument. In non academic writing you are free to use grammar rules. But you are not supposed to break all the rules, but there are not rules also. 

Language :- The language of academic writing is more formal and it avoids colloquialisms whereas the language of no academic writing is informal and casual. It may include colloquialisms. 

Vocabulary :- Academic Writing needs accurately use of technical and academic language. While non academic writing uses short forms, idioms and slang in write up. 

Complexity:- In comparison to spoken language, written language is more complex. Written language has longer words, a more rich lexicon, and a wider vocabulary than spoken language. It employs noun-based phrases more frequently than verb-based phrases. Shorter written texts have more grammatical complexity. While non academic writing have less complexity in the writing. 

Citation & Reference :- In academic writing we can see the citation and references but in non academic writing we can not find citation and references. Because academic writing is giving evidence, so they require critics to prove their points and non academic writing is just gives information so they don't require any proofs. 

Example :- The example of academic writing is, research paper, scholarly article, thesis, dissertation etc. The examples of non academic writing is social media post, blog, newspaper article etc. 

In this way academic writing is different from non academic writing. As Hyland said, "academic writing is a kind of means to discuss knowledge claims.Academic writing should be the most concrete social text; it should consider as collective social practices rather than concerning linguistic features as regularities of academic writing. The most goals of academic writing will be persuasive; to persuade an evaluation in a review, to accept a knowledge claim in a research paper and to acknowledge a schema in a text book. On the other hand, non-academic writing is a kind of individual text in which writers think, feel or believe something. It doesn’t include literature, personal essays, articles, writing in popular magazine and newspapers".(Hyland)

Academic writing is complex then non academic writing. You should follow the rules of grammar as well as spelling and punctuation. It is hard to do academic research, because it requires more attention and you can't write anything in research. Non academic writing is more easy but I haven't that much importance in comparison to academic writing. You are responsible for your writing also, because you are giving evidence in your research so you can't rid of it. It may possible that someone deniy your points in academic writing, at that time you should be ready with your points. In non academic writing you are not supposed to prove your things and nobody is going to ask you about it. In this way we can defferciate both writings. In this both writing academic writing is very important. We can write a good academic writing with the help of quotes, statements of author and critics. This is how we can improve our academic writing. 

Conclusion 

In this way we can say that both writings have their own form of describing the information, one is professional and one is personal. From the discussion of this topic we can say that scholarly interpretations differ from those of others. Ordinary people are not able to understand this unusual meaning, but academicians are capable of doing so. Academic portrayal of the subject is unique and interesting to read. Non-academic writing only comprises informal conversions, whereas academic writing represents serious views. There are no specific standards and regulations for structure and grammar in non-academic languages. As a result, it is similar to everyday ordinary language that is only used in everyday life. Academic language should be well-thought-out, concise, and straightforward.

Works Cited

Coulmas, Florian. Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics). Cambridge University Press,2003. https:/writing-systems-an-introduction-to-their-linguistic-analysis-cambridge-textbooks-in-linguistics-e156761438.html. 

Hartley, James. Academic Writing and Publishing a Practical Guide. Routledge, 2008. 

Hasa. “Difference between Academic Writing and Non Academic Writing.” Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms, Differencebetween.com, 4 Oct. 2019, https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-academic-writing-and-non-academic-writing/.  

Hill, Josh, et al. “What Is Academic Writing .” Go to the Cover Page of Composing Ourselves and Our World, https://composingourselvesandourworld.pressbooks.com/chapter/1-2-what-is-academic-writing/. 

Hyland, Ken. “Disciplinary Discourses, Michigan Classics Ed.” The United States: University of Michigan Press, 2004, https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.6719. 

Sağlamel, Hasan, and Mustafa Naci Kayaoğlu. “ English Major Students’ Perceptions of Academic Writing: A Struggle between Writing to Learn and Learning to Write.” Journal of History Culture and Art Research, vol. 4, no. 3, 2015, p. 37., https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v4i3.477. 

Yunus, Melor Md, and Siti Nor Haris. “The Use of Discourse Markers among Form Four SLL Students in Essay Writing.” International Education Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5539. 

Assignment Paper 207 Themes of Gun Island

 

Themes of Gun Island 

Name : Latta Baraiya

Paper : Contemporary Literatures in English

Roll no : 11

Enrollment no : 3069206420200003 

Email id : lattabaraiya1204@gmail.com

Batch : 2020-22

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU

Introduction 

Gun Island describes the quest of Deen, a scholar and collector of rare books, who returns from New York, his city of domicile, to the Sunderbans in West Bengal to unravel the mystery and legend of a seventeenth-century merchant, Bonduki Sada-gar, translated “The Gun Merchant,” and his persecution by Manasa Devi, mythical goddess of snakes. Now let's see the themes in detail. 

Themes in Gun Island 

1] The Theme of Etymology / Etymological Mystery in the Novel / Etymological Concern in the Novel (Title of the novel) :- 

If we look at the themes of the novel "Gun Island" we find the etymological concern in the novel. The words which are used have different meanings in the novel. At a first glance we might think of the usual meaning of those words, but Amitav Ghosh used the term etymology. The question that arises first in our mind is, what is etymology ? According to Merriman Webster dictionary the definition of 'Etymology' : 

The history of a linguistic form (such as a word) shown by tracing its development since its earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is found, by tracing its transmission from one language to another, by analyzing it into its component parts, by identifying its cognates in other languages, or by tracing it and its cognates to a common ancestral form in an ancestral language.

It means going into the origin of words. If we look at the novel Ghosh used many etymological words. As Soumya Bhattacharya said 

“At the heart of the story of Gun Island, there lies an etymological mystery, a derivation that points to the deep and inextricable intermeshing of cultures and civilisations over the ages. This is why etymology fascinates me: like sailors, words, too, are travellers, and tracing their journeys is like describing voyages of adventures.” (Bhattacharya, Soumya) 

We can see the use of such words that goes into the origin of those words. Let's see some examples. 

1. Gun Island

When we read the title we thought there may be a reference to 'Gun' in the novel. But no, there is no direct reference to guns in the novel. As Somak Ghoshal observed, The novel opens with a subject that he describes as one of his “obsessions": etymology. In the beginning is a word and that word is “bundook". Used to mean “gun" in many languages. (Ghoshal, Somak) 

If we see in the novel there is 'Island within Island…' 

There is one foundry where armaments, including bullets, were cast. And the word used for foundry in Venetian dialect is "getto". And the world "ghetto" is derived from "getto" and it is connected with Jews. 

The other vocabulary for Venice is linked to three apparently unrelated things - hazelnuts, bullets and guns ! The shape of hazelnuts is similar to that of bullets which are, in turn, indispensable for guns ! Venice in Arabic language is "Banadiq" - the ancestor of the German and Swedish "Venedig". In Arabic "Banadiq" became "al-Bunduqeyya". So this gun is referred to as Venice, not gun ! So the ultimate meaning of the title is - a merchant who visited Venice and who found ghetto-foundry. 

2. Bhut - Ghost 

In part one of the novel in one of the chapter named Brooklyn, there is a conversation between Dinanath Datta and Tipu through email. Tipu asked Deen, ``What is the meaning of "Bhuta" ? Does it mean "ghost" or something else ? Deen explains that in Bangla bhoot/bhuta means according to Sanskrit root "bhu" means "to be" or "to manifest".  So "bhuta" simply means "a being" or "an existing presence". This word "bhuta" also refers to the past, in the sense of "a past state of being". Like we use "bhuta-kala" or "times past". So this "bhuta" is not "ghost" but it is "memory". So it can be with you in the form of memory. 

3. Possession 

There is reference to the word possession in the novel. Possession is when someone is taken over by a demon. And the demon is nothing but it's just a metaphor for greed, an imaginary thing. So possession is not like someone's soul comes into our body and all things ! It's our greed that we have taken over that greed. 

When Cinta and Deen talk about possession, Deen said he has symptoms like possession. At that time Cinta explained that possession became when a person loses "will" and "freedom". Further she said it is a kind of awakening, you are waking up to things that you had never imagined or sensed before. In other words we can say possession is consciousness of things. 

4. Land of Palm Sugar Candy

The Bengali word for this is "taal-misrir-desh". Desh = country, taal= kind of palm tree that produces a sugar syrup, Bengali word for sugar candy is misri. Cinta said that Arabic word "Misr" is used for Egypt. So this place is referred to Egypt. 

5. Land of Kerchieves 

Cinta asked for the Bengali translation of this word. Deen told her it was called Rumaali-desh. In Bengali Rumaal is a handkerchief. Chinta said it is about Rumelia, and this Rumeli-Hisari is located in Turkey. 

6. Island of Chains

The Bengali word for this is "shikol-dwip". And this is a reference to Sikelia and that is now Sicily. So the Island of Chains is used for Sicily. As  

This is how we can see the words and it's meanings. We can't easily understand the meaning of those words, which Ghosh used in the novel. 

2] Theme of Historification of Myth & Mythification of History (Myth & History) :- 

Gun Island describes the quest of Deen, a scholar and collector of rare books, who returns from New York, his city of domicile, to the Sunderbans in West Bengal to unravel the mystery and legend of a seventeenth-century merchant, Bonduki Sadagar, translated “The Gun Merchant,” and his persecution by Manasa Devi, mythical goddess of snakes. This myth is not myth but history, that Ghosh described in the novel. As we see the historical locations which are mentioned are correct. So here we see myth is real history that is alive with us. 

The several questions that we can ask here to understand the theme are,

• Are myths subtle codes that contain some universal truth ? 

• Are they a window on the deep recesses of a particular culture ? 

• Are they just entertaining stories that people like to tell over and over ? 

We can answer these questions in the context of Gun Island, like this… 

• Yes, a sort of truth that Ghosh want to prove here about climate change and human trafficking. He wants to say that myths do have reality.

• We can say that this myth is not about any particular culture, but it is about all cultures. We find references to Kolkata, Los Angeles, Venice, Egypt, Turkey etc. So it's not only for one particular culture. 

• The story that Nilima Bose told to Dinanath Datta is not a children's story. So it's not for entertainment, but to see the reality and to take these problems seriously. 

If we want to study mythology, we find some box of tools to study mythology,

1. Functionalism

The founder of functionalism is Bronisław Kasper Malinowski. It studies about what is the function of myth in society. If we look into the novel, the function of myth is trying to tell us that going to another country is not allowed in our tradition. Against that going out is not wrong and harmful. So Ghosh uses this myth as an example and proves his point. Merchant suffered a lot while traveling but he was saved also. 

2. Structuralism

The founder of structuralism was Claed Levi-Strass. It studies how the story is told to people. Amitav Ghosh used a very mysterious way of telling the story. The merchant was not happy but after becoming a devotee he became very rich. People might think there may be divine power and all kinds of stuff. But very interestingly Ghosh told a story of myth. 

3. Psychoanalysis

The founder of the study of mind and psychology was Sigmand Freud. He studied psychological analysis. If we had a dream, that is because of our desire for that thing or we have fear, that fulfils in our dream. So we see the thing that constantly becomes the cause of fear of serpent. Or serpent may represent sexual energy; energy to have new life. So if we see in the novel we find that anything that deriving Deen is to know more about Piya. He is looking for a life partner, a new life. At the end of the novel also Piya said Deen to stay there, to live there. So this connection we see in this analysis. 

4. Myth and Ritual

The pioneers of myth and ritual were Emil Durkheim and Jane Harrison. If people do anything connectivity different kind of tempo they get. But what is troublesome is walking alone ! So if you want to establish a thing you have to arrange a ritual around it. Myths also have stories, so it is easy to establish the thing. What ritual can we see in the novel ? The ritual of pilgrimage "Jatra" can be found here. Deen goes to the pilgrimage and the same path he has visited like a merchant. We find the same events also happening during the journey. 

According to Roland Barthes,

"Myth converts history into nature, and the task of the mythographer is to rediscover the element of history (truth-fact-past) that motivates the myth, to elicit what is specific to a given time and place, asking what interests are served by the naturalization of particular convictions and values."

Myth is doing something that is not natural. Naturalization of something is the opening fact behind the myths. Things are opened with facts. These facts convince us so we can't deny it. What does Ghosh want to prove or naturalize ? 

If we connect it with the novel Gun Island, we find that Ghosh naturalize the problem of climate change and human trafficking. To tell the reality about climate change Ghosh used a myth, that is what he wanted to naturalize it. 

Historification was a term Brecht used to define the technique of deliberately setting the action of a play in the past in order to draw parallels with contemporary events. 

The contemporary problems that people are facing today are climate change and human trafficking that we have to take it seriously. We have seen in the novel about human migration. We see the body organ transplantation is quite terrifying. The people who are migrating are demonised. In reality, these are serious problems before they go beyond control.  

'Historification' enabled spectators to view the events of the play with emotional detachment and garner a thinking response. 

If we talk about what kind of response we are getting in the novel; emotional one or rational one.  We can say that we receive both kind responses. Cinta is a kind of believer in magical realism. But she is a historian so she also gives facts to prove her points. But in a way she is a kind of believer in some divine power. The other female character Piya strongly believes in scientific reasons. She thinks rationally and gives rational clarifications. As JR Ramakrishna observed,

Ghosh weaves the myth of the Gun Merchant into contemporary weather-related realities such as the Los Angeles wildfires, the unusual travels of dolphins and spiders, and the sinking buildings of Venice, to create a pacy, absurdist, and ultimately hopeful tale of our times. (Ramakrishnan, JR)

In brief the novel tries to tell us that we have to think seriously about climate change and migration. 

3] Theme of Climate Change :- 

If we want to understand the theme of climate change in Gun Island, we have to see first the another novel of Amitav Ghosh "The Great Derangement". Because this book asks the question, What is the role of literature in the context of climate change ? Why aren't authors talking about it in their works ? And how can they talk with the help of literature ? It argued that not enough contemporary novels were addressing climate change as a central issue of our time. 

So Gun Island is a kind of example or explanation of those questions. With the help of literature we can understand serious problems like climate change and migration. We see many incidents in the novel that are talking about climate change. Animals and various species are changing their places because of pollution and human disturbance. Deen said while talking with Cinta, 

‘You know – temperatures are rising around the world because of global warming. This means that the habitats of various kinds of animals are also changing. The brown recluse spider is extending its range into places where it wasn’t found before – like this part of Italy.’ (p.214 Gun Island) 

If we read in the novel we find 'Corpus' (list of words) in the novel that connects or describes climate change. For example,

• Flood, cyclone, storm, calamities, drought, weather alert, wildfire, tsunami, apocalypse, volcano, temperature, reforestation, femine, earthquake, plague, smoke, air quality, tornado, global warming, greenhouse, carbon dioxide, coal, tufaan, wind, water, catastrophe, hailstorm, fossil fuels etc. 

Humans see benefits and are not much aware about climate change. That is why the seasons have changed. As Piya said in the novel, because of climate change animals are migrating, and finding a better place. But there is also the same problem. So in this way we can study the theme of climate change in Gun Island. 

4] Theme of Migration - Human Trafficking / Theme of Illegal Migration and Refugee Crisis :- 

Amitav Ghosh talking about the problem and the reality of humans. People are selfish who think about themselves, not about others. There are many reasons behind migration. It may be because of political issues, religious problems or it can be climate also. JR Ramakrishna rightly said that, 

This journey sets off a chain of others and brings in Piya, an American scientist monitoring dolphins in the Sundarbans; Tipu, a slippery, ever-hustling young man who schools Deen; the earnest Rafi who goes from the Sundarbans to Venice via a convoluted, dangerous route taken by migrants today, and Cinta, the glamorous Italian academic, whose faith and insight glimmer through the book. (Ramakrishnan, JR)

If we see the reasons of migration in the novel, we find four main reasons: 

• Calamities :- Lubna Khala and her family members migrated because of the flood. Everything was destroyed in her village. So they have to migrate to other place. Many other people are also migrating because of drought, cyclone, flood etc. 

• Communal violence :- Bilal was a kind of person who helped his friend's family. He and Kabir are friends. Kabir's land was grabbed by his uncle. 

• Poverty :- Tipu and Rafi migrate because of poverty. Rafi hasn't enough money to pay the loan. 

• Socio-Economic Condition :- There is a character of Palash whose financial condition was good, he is not facing any violence nor calamities. But he has a kind of fantasy or dream to go Finland and for that he is migrating. But then he was not able to make his dream true. 

Deen, who was working in New York, has a reason for migration. He gives a reason that there is a sort of restlessness that drives people to migrate. He read many books so he dreamed of going abroad. Tipu listened to some voices and sometimes he was suffering from seizures. To discover or we can say to forget it he migrates. 

Conclusion

So these are the major themes of this novel. In short Ghosh want to tell us that climate change and human trafficking are serious problems, we have to think seriously about it.  It is hard to understand the words because you have to go deep in the origin of the word. By using these words Ghosh makes the novel complex. Here we can see that Ghosh gives importance to Bengali Language. And it is an interesting way to describe the story. 

Works Cited 

Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. London: J. Cape, 1972.  

Bhattacharya, Soumya. “Gun Island by Amitav Ghosh: A Gripping Parable for Our Times.” Hindustan Times, 8 June 2019, https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/gun-island-by-amitav-ghosh-a-gripping-parable-for-our-times/story-Zygav4yLecQZb9xCO1KW1N.html.  

“Etymology.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/etymology. Accessed 18 Mar. 2022. 

Ghoshal, Somak. “Amitav Ghosh on Myth, Magic and His New Novel, 'Gun Island'.” Mint, 15 June 2019, https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/amitav-ghosh-and-the-sea-of-stories-1560505247731.html.  

Ghosh, Amitav. Gun Island. Penguin Random House India, 2019. Book. 2 January 2022.  

Ramakrishnan, JR. “'Gun Island' Is a Surreal Novel about Climate Change and Migration.” Electric Literature, 10 Sept. 2019, https://electricliterature.com/gun-island-is-a-magical-realism-novel-about-climate-change-and-migration/.  

Assignment Paper 208

 

Problems and Difficulties While

Translation

Name : Latta Baraiya

Paper : Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 

Roll no : 11

Enrollment no : 3069206420200003 

Email id : lattabaraiya1204@gmail.com

Batch : 2020-22

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU

Introduction 

When we want to translate a particular text, we are facing many problems. This process is very important because we have to carry the message that is in the original work. Here A. K. Ramanujan raised one question that, 

'How does one translate a poem from another time, another culture, another language? 

The translation is not only about translating a text, it's about translating one world from source language to target language. In this time you may face many problems. So let's see what problems are there when we do translation. The term "translation process" is borrowed from the Comparative stylistics of French and English of J.P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet. In their book, they establish a classification of translation processes: the loan, the layer, the literal translation, transposition and modulation, equivalence and adaptation. 

Problems and Difficulties 

In this field we also have some problems. Some problems are faced by the translator or the readers. The analysis of specific translation problems of our source text begins with a brief theoretical overview of each type of translation problems, according to the model proposed by Christiane Nord. "Structural variations between languages, cultural differences, compound words… In this article we will go through both the main structural problems in translation and the main challenges of translation faced by Translators, Clients and the Industry as a whole" (TranslateDay). Now let's have a look at the problems of translation. 

Language Problems

Whenever one translates any text they may face Difficulties because of language. Because from one language to another language translation becomes more difficult. All languages have their own significance of words, different vowels and consonants, sound systems, rhyme scheme. Because of that it becomes difficult to translate in another language. Laura Rebeca Stiegelbauer said in article, according to specialists, the translator works on linguistic forms: 

"... the translator does not share the sense of linguistic forms but, he interprets."  

The structure of sentences in English and other languages may be different. This is considered to be one of the main structural problems in translation. This is how translation becomes more difficult. The cultural practices of authors in different languages also differ from each other. In many languages, certain terms may be completely absent… This is one of the most common challenges faced by a translator on a daily basis, also one of the main reasons why translation is difficult. For example, 

• In English the adjective is placed before the noun, but in French the adjective comes after the noun. In Arabic and some other languages, the subject pronoun is part of the verb, and that determines the subject gender and the voice of the sentence. 

Cultural Problems 

The other issue in translation is to understand the culture of the target language. When the translator belongs to another culture and their translation text is from another language. The difficulties in translation are caused by the cultural disparities between the two cultures. Understanding the message necessitates the receiver's recognition and decoding of socio-cultural information in many allusions. 

According to T. Cristea, language systems in which evolve the language communities face specific diversification of areas highlighted in the translation:

"The confrontation of two natural languages in the transfer of messages reveals firstly a common general structure which allows the translation and the existence of weakly idiomatic areas and also the differences that attract disturbances in the transmission of data experience." (Cristea, Teodora)

The larger the region where the language is spoken, the more the dialects there are likely to be, and the more colloquial words you are likely to find – except in technical documents translations, legal document translations, or translations of medical transcripts. For example, 

• The British are famous for their dry, biting sarcasm, which is their brand of humor. However, this kind of sarcasm may not be appreciated in not just a country speaking a different language, but even another country where they speak English 

The difference in function between the source and target texts can also create issues, however in some circumstances, the function of the two texts can be the same since the cultural background is similar. 

Textual Problems 

Textuality difficulties are caused by a lack of knowledge of the source text when contrasted to intra-textual features and extra-textual references, such as textual aspects of coherence and cohesiveness. Textual coherence and textual cohesion are the last two important elements in the analysis of intra-textual factors. The coherence is directly related to the meaning and the unity of the text quality and means that the sentences should follow a logical harmony for the message to be clear and understandable. 

According to G. Maingueneau, the sentence is analysed as a syntactic-semantic structure and also as a support structure information within a specific textual dynamics. Cohesion relates to the organization of the text, the sequence of ideas in the text, and must observe the morphological and syntactic standards. It manifests itself locally, sentence by sentence by:

- Spatial and temporal organizers (deictic) - used to account for the cohesion of a text in time (the timeline and sequence of events);

- The connector systems - the connectors can have values: additive (and, moreover, also); 

comparative (than, more);

“For instance, translation rates are higher in Germanythan in France, in France than in the United Kingdom or in Spain, in Britain than in Ireland, in Ireland than in Italy, in Italy than in Argentina, and higher in Argentina than in Cambodia or in a number of other countries." 

“But the cost of living has risen in Ireland and so has the cost of translating.”

The textual problem is in the organization of structures and phrases in the target text, because they are very long in the source language. To solve the problem, we restructured and reorganized the paragraphs, using the information of compensation method. (Maingueneau, Georges). 

Readjust Structure

When you work on translation we have to re-adjust the structure of the sentence or paragraph. Because there is a lack of words in the source language, you have to understand and add missing things in the target language. In some languages, certain terms may be completely absent – this has also to do with culture, as those objects may not be used by the people, or those actions or activities may not be permitted or simply not performed.

There are different verbs and their uses in different languages. In English there are several verbs that are made up of two words – usually, a combination of a verb and a preposition. 

• For example: break up, break down, break into, break in, break off, break apart, break away; these all mean different things, though the common verb is break. 

Here the preposition which follows immediately after gives it a completely different meaning. It is highly unlikely that translating the two words into the target language will give you the same meaning!

Other Difficulties 

There are several elements that we have to keep in mind while translation. They are, like 

• The knowledge of other languages

• Meanings of the words

• Knowledge of translation metaphors

• Time and context in which work is written

• Interpretation according to author's personality and experience

• Untranslatable words

In this way we can say that there are many Difficulties that translators face during translation. How can you solve these problems ? Here we can say that, you can take help of dictionaries and ask experts for these problems. You can gain expertise on a particular language that can help you to do better translation. You have to do more research and do investigation of the language and words so you can give the proper translation word. Know more about other cultures, this can help you to understand their traditions around the language. Do not try to collect all the subjects, choose two or three and get expertise in that. You can avoid literal translation, rather than you can find a similar word that expresses the same meaning. Read again and again, this will help you to understand the meaning of that sentence or paragraph. You can take help of translation tools available on the internet, but you can't translate whole things in translation tools. Because sometimes they are not giving proper meanings. As A. K. Ramanujan rightly said that, 

"The translation must not only represent, but re-present, the original."

That is why it is important to study the problems and to solve them. So doing translation is not an easy task. 

Conclusion

The difficulties and problems faced during the translation enabled us to gain a better understanding of our source text, including the translation difficulties specific to the text's nature, as well as to identify our own text translation difficulties, which prompted us to broaden our translational knowledge as much as possible, both in terms of understanding and re-expression. We don't think we've come up with the perfect translation, but we believe it can always be improved. As a result, the ideal solution for the translation challenge we face is in the translator's sight, we have to do our best, and by practicing it we can become master in the field of translation. 

Works Cited

Cristea, Teodora. Stratégies de la traduction, București: Editura Fundației România de mâine, 2000 p.190-197.

Maingueneau, Georges. Problèmes théoriques de la traduction, Paris : Gallimard, 1963. 

Nord, Christiane, Text Analysis in Translation. Theory, Methodology and Didactic Applications of a Model of Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. Amsterdam – Atlanta: Rodopi, 1991, p.250. 

Ramanujan, A.K. “On Translating a Tamil Poem.” The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013, pp. 219–231.  

Stiegelbauer, Laura  Rebeca et al. “Translation Problems and Difficulties in Applied Translation Processes.” Studii De Ştiinţă Şi Cultură, vol. 13, Sept. 2016, pp. 51–57. 

TranslateDay. “Top 10 Translation Problems and Solutions .” TranslateDay, 10 Apr. 2018, https://www.translateday.com/translation-problems-and-solutions/.